Fra Filippo Lippi, 'The Annunciation', about 1450-3
Full title | The Annunciation |
---|---|
Artist | Fra Filippo Lippi |
Artist dates | born about 1406; died 1469 |
Series | Medici (Overdoor?) Panels |
Date made | about 1450-3 |
Medium and support | egg tempera on wood |
Dimensions | 68.6 × 152.7 cm |
Acquisition credit | Presented by Sir Charles Eastlake, 1861 |
Inventory number | NG666 |
Location | Gallery D |
Collection | Main Collection |
Previous owners |
The Archangel Gabriel, huge peacock-feather wings outstretched behind him, kneels in front of the Virgin Mary, his head bowed in reverence. He has arrived with the news that she will conceive a child, Jesus Christ, through the Holy Ghost.
A small dove, the symbol of the Holy Ghost, flies towards the Virgin’s belly: this is the moment of Christ’s conception. It has been sent by God, whose hand we can see appearing from a deep blue cloud that represents the heavens. A golden light emanates from a gap in Mary’s pink dress and she bows her head towards it, in acceptance.
This picture comes from a palace belonging to the Medici, Florence’s ruling family at the time, where it most probably hung above a door. It was made as a pair; the other panel, showing seven Medici patron saints, is also in the National Gallery’s collection.
A vase of white lilies, a symbol of the Virgin Mary’s purity, balances on a low wall, which surrounds a garden filled with wildflowers – and divides the picture into two. The enclosed garden (or ‘hortus conclusus’ in Latin) was a symbol of Mary’s virginity; it is found in many images of her, such as Benozzo Gozzoli’s little picture of the Virgin and Child enthroned with angels.
The scene shows the Annunciation, when Mary found out that she would conceive a son, Jesus Christ, through the Holy Ghost. The Archangel Gabriel, huge peacock-feather wings outstretched behind him, kneels in front of her to tell her the news. As Gabriel speaks, a small dove, the symbol of the Holy Ghost, flies towards Mary’s belly: this is the moment of Christ’s conception. It has been sent by God, whose hand we see appearing from a deep blue cloud that represents the heavens. A golden light emanates from a gap in Mary’s pink dress and she bows her head towards it, in acceptance.
This picture comes from the Medici palace in Florence, where it most probably hung above a door. It was made as a pair, and the other panel, which shows seven Medici patron saints, is also in our collection. The Annunciation was an appropriate scene for a domestic setting: according to the accounts in the Gospels, the angel appeared when Mary was at home. Although she was not wealthy, Lippi has furnished Mary’s house with elegant and rich furnishings to match the palatial setting. The bed behind her resembles contemporary Florentine furniture, and it is draped with a fabric that is embroidered with gold thread. Her chair, too, is draped with a golden damask fabric, like a throne – an indication of her role as Queen of Heaven.
The marble walls are soft shades of apricot and pink, and the carving is in the classical style which was popular in Renaissance Florence. Below the vase, an emblem used by the Medici family is carved into the wall: two feathers encircled by a diamond ring. The immense detail with which Lippi has painted Gabriel’s wings probably reflects the fact that peacock wings were also a Medici symbol in this period.
The Annunciation was an extremely popular subject in Florence. Like in many Italian cities, its feast, celebrated on 25 March, marked the first day of the calendar year. The panel might have hung over the door of the palace’s study – its ceiling was decorated with the signs of the zodiac and, therefore, the months of the year.
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Medici (Overdoor?) Panels
These panels were made for a member of Florence’s ruling family, the Medici, and once hung in the Palazzo Medici. One panel shows the Annunciation (when the Virgin Mary was told she would conceive a son, Jesus Christ); the other, a gathering of patron saints of the Medici family. The panels are similar in size, scale and viewpoint, suggesting that they were designed as a pair, and were intended to hang where they could be viewed together.
They may have been placed over the doors of Piero de' Medici’s study – its ceiling was decorated with ceramic roundels representing the signs of the zodiac (and, therefore, the months). The Annunciation suits such a setting: its feast was celebrated on 25 March, the first day of the Florentine calendar year. Depicting Medici patron saints may have been a way to demonstrate the protection they offered to the city throughout the year.
These panels were made for a member of Florence’s ruling family, the Medici. They came from the Palazzo Riccardi, which had formerly been the Palazzo Medici. One panel shows the Annunciation, when the Virgin Mary was told she would conceive a son; the other, the patron saints of the Medici family.
They are similar in size, scale and viewpoint, suggesting that they were designed as a pair of pendants and were intended to hang where they could be viewed together. Their semi-circular shape is not necessarily original – they may have been designed as rectangles. The panels might have been made as bedheads, which were mainly rectangular; an example of a contemporary decorative bedhead can be seen in Giovanni di Paolo’s painting, The Birth of John the Baptist. But their good condition suggests that they may have been on display in a position where they would be less likely to suffer damage.
A probable location is high up over a door – just like Lippi’s image of the vision of Saint Bernard, which was also made for the Medici. They may have hung over the entrance to the Piero de‘ Medici’s study in the palace. Its ceiling was decorated with ceramic roundels (now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London) by Luca della Robbia, and representing the signs of the zodiac (and, therefore, the months of the year). The Annunciation would have been an appropriate subject: it was celebrated on 25 March, the first day of the Florentine calendar year. It has been suggested that the depiction of the Medici saints was intended to show the protection they offered to the city throughout the year.
We don’t know who exactly commissioned the panels, but The Annunciation includes a stone carving of an emblem used by Piero de Medici (1416–1469) from about 1447: feathers and a ring. Piero also had a particular devotion to an image of the Annunciation in a Florentine church, Santa Annunziata: we know that he commissioned a marble tabernacle for it sometime in the years around 1450.
Insights
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[Video title]
Curatorial Fellow Nicholas Flory takes a look at the details in Fra Filippo Lippi's painting of the Archangel Gabriel with Mary and explores the surprising location for where this painting might have been hung.