Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, 'Salome receives the Head of John the Baptist', about 1609-10

Salome receives the Head of John the Baptist

Room 32

About the work

Overview

The story of the death of John the Baptist is related in the Gospel of Mark (6: 16–29). John had criticised King Herod for marrying his brother’s wife, Herodias, and she sought revenge. At Herod’s birthday feast, Herodias’s daughter Salome so delighted the King by her dancing that he promised her anything she wanted. Encouraged by her mother, she asked for the Baptist’s head, and the King had John executed.

This is a late work by Caravaggio, probably painted towards the end of his life. He has reduced the story to its essentials, focusing on the human tragedy and conveying the scene’s emotional power through a restricted range of colour, pronounced chiaroscuro and dramatic gesture. The brutish executioner places John’s head on a salver held by Salome, whose serious expression and sidelong glance are enigmatic. An elderly maidservant clasps her hands in grief, setting the emotional tone. Characteristic of Caravaggio’s mature works, the composition appears simple but actually hides a sophisticated physical and psychological interplay between the main protagonists.

In-depth

The story of the death of Saint John the Baptist is related in the Gospel of Mark (6: 16–29). John had criticised King Herod for marrying his brother’s wife, Herodias, and she sought revenge. At Herod’s birthday feast, her daughter – not named in the Gospel but later identified as Salome – so delighted the King by her dancing that he promised her anything she asked for. Encouraged by her mother, she asked for the Baptist’s head; reluctantly the King agreed to keep his promise and had John beheaded.

This is a late work by Caravaggio, probably painted towards the end of his life in Naples, where he resided in 1606–7 and again in 1609–10. With an economy typical of his mature works, Caravaggio has reduced the story to its essentials, focusing on the human tragedy. He has moved away from the broader colour range and descriptive detail of his Roman works, such as The Supper at Emmaus, and conveys the scene’s emotional power through a more muted palette, pronounced chiaroscuro and dramatic gestures. The brutish executioner places John’s head on a salver held by Salome, whose serious expression and sidelong glance are enigmatic: is she turning away from the head in disgust or shame, appalled at the horror of what she has brought about? In contrast to the young and beautiful Salome is the elderly maidservant beside her, her face wrinkled with age and her hands clasped together in grief. The half-length format brings the figures up close, enhancing the dramatic impact of the scene. Although the composition appears simple and straightforward, it hides a sophisticated physical and psychological interplay between the main protagonists. Salome and the executioner are subtly linked by their poses – the angles of their heads echo each other and a strong raking light falls across their faces – but their role is very different. The executioner’s face is impassive as he thrusts the head towards Salome: he may have wielded the sword but the guilt for the Baptist’s death lies with her.

Caravaggio returned to the theme of John’s beheading more than once in his later years. As well as a vast canvas in St John’s Cathedral in Valletta, Malta, he produced a scene closely related to ours showing Salome with the Baptist’s head (Palacio Real, Madrid). The Madrid painting is the earlier of the two, probably dating from the artist’s first stay in Naples (1606–7), while the looser handling and pared down colours in our version – which lacks the bright red drapery enveloping Salome in the Madrid picture – suggests that it was painted in the final months of Caravaggio’s life.

Technically, this painting is typical of Caravaggio’s late style. The handling of the paint is freer than in his earlier works, with a broad application in place of finely modelled gradations, and the dark ground left deliberately exposed in several areas to provide the mid-tone in the shadows. The marked chiaroscuro and dramatic naturalism of Caravaggio’s late style, and his use of people drawn from the streets as models, had an enduring influence on painters in Naples such as Battistello Caracciolo, Mattia Preti and especially Jusepe de Ribera.

Key facts

Details

Full title: Salome receives the Head of John the Baptist
Artist: Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio
Artist dates: 1571 - 1610
Date made: about 1609-10
Medium and support: oil on canvas
Dimensions: 91.5 × 106.7 cm
Acquisition credit: Bought, 1970
Inventory number: NG6389
Location: Room 32
Collection: Main Collection
Frame: 17th-century Spanish Frame

Provenance

In a Swiss private collection in 1959; acquired in 1961 by Major A. E. Allnatt, by whom lent to the Gallery. Purchased from the Allnatt estate, out of the Grant-in-Aid, and Florence, Hornby Lewis, Clarke, Champney and Mackerell Funds, 1970.

Additional information

This painting is included in a list of works with incomplete provenance from 1933–1945; for more information see Whereabouts of paintings 1933–1945.

Text extracted from the ‘Provenance’ section of the catalogue entry in Michael Levey, ‘National Gallery Catalogues: The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Italian Schools’, London 1986; for further information, see the full catalogue entry.

Exhibition history

2012

Bodies and Shadows: Caravaggio and His Legacy

Musée Fabre

23 June 2012 - 14 October 2012

Los Angeles County Museum of Art

11 November 2012 - 10 February 2013

Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art

8 March 2013 - 16 June 2013
2013

Caravaggio to Canaletto: The Glory of Italian Baroque and Rococo Painting

Szépművészeti Múzeum

25 October 2013 - 16 February 2014
2016

Beyond Caravaggio

The National Gallery (London)

12 October 2016 - 15 January 2017
2017

Dentro Caravaggio

Palazzo Reale (Milan)

29 September 2017 - 28 January 2018
2019

Caravaggio Napoli

Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte

11 April 2019 - 14 July 2019
2024

The Last Caravaggio

The National Gallery (London)

18 April 2024 - 21 July 2024

Bibliography

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1982

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1983

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1984

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1985

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1987

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1995

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1996

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1998

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2001

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2004

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2005

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2006

U. Kultermann, 'The "Dance of the Seven Veils": Salome and Erotic Culture Around 1900', Artibus et historiae, XXVII/53, 2006, pp. 187-215

About this record

If you know more about this painting or have spotted an error, please contact us. Please note that exhibition histories are listed from 2009 onwards. Bibliographies may not be complete; more comprehensive information is available in the National Gallery Library.

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